Encountering Indonesian as Spoken by the Papuan

The island of New Guinea, including both the country Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian provinces, has 15% of all the world’s known languages. Papua is home to 307 local languages, but almost everybody speaks Indonesian. For many people, Indonesian is a second language, but in some areas, like Raja Ampat, children learn Indonesian first. …

Why Americans Tip Waiters; a Closer Look at the American Tipping Norm

Tipping rules vary from one culture to another, and the U.S. has its own way. Coming from a culture where tipping is less demanding, American tipping norm is something new for me. In fact, my first culture shock in the U.S. was when I received a bill with tip calculator telling me how much to …

The Four Components in Teaching Foreign Languages

In Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking, I. S. P. Nation and Jonathan Newton assert that a good language class has an appropriate balance of four components: input, output, language focus, and fluency development. They define each component: “Learning through meaning-focused input; that is, learning through listening and reading where the learner’s attention is on the …